Sporting Shoulder Reference List

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING FOR SPORTING SHOULDER COURSE

Albert, M. (Ed), 1995,  Eccentric Muscle Training in Sports and Orthopaedics.  Churchill-Livingstone, New York.

Allingham C 1988  Impingement syndrome of the shoulder – assessment and management.  In: Current Concepts in the Management of Shoulder Region Dysfunction.  Manipulative Therapists Association of Australia, Sydney, p99-107

Allingham C 1990  Exercise prescription in shoulder rehabilitation.  In:  The Shoulder in Focus (Proceedings),  Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, Melbourne, p21

Allingham C 1995 Regional Considerations – The Shoulder, In: Zuluaga M. et al (Eds), Sports Physiotherapy – applied science and practice, Churchill-Livingstone, Melbourne

Allingham, C.  1995,  Principles of management.  In:  Sports Physiotherapy – Applied Science and Practice, Zuluaga, M, et al (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Melbourne.

Allman F 1985  Impingement, biceps and rotator cuff lesions.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Andrews J  1993  Instability of the shoulder – pathomechanics and recognition.  Course Notes: 11th Annual Injuries in Baseball Course, American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, p189

Andrews J, Carson W  1985  Operative arthroscopy of the shoulder in the throwing athlete.  In:  Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Andrews J, Gillogly S  1985  Physical examination of the shoulder in throwing athletes.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Arnheim D 1985  Modern principles of athletic training, 6th ed.  Times Mirror/Mosby College, St Louis

Atwater A 1979  Biomechanics of overarm throwing movements and of throwing injuries.  Exercise and Sports Science Review, 7:43-85

Baechle, T.R. (Ed), 1994,  Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

Baker C, Thornberry R 1985  Neurovascular syndromes.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Baker C, Uribe J, Whitman C  1990  Arthroscopic evaluation of acute initial anterior shoulder dislocations.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(1):25-28

Basmajian J, Deluca C  1985  Muscles alive – their function revealed by electromyography, 5th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

Beekman K, Hay J  1988  Characteristics of the front crawl techniques of swimmers with shoulder impingement sydrome.  Journal Swimming Research 4(3):15-21

Black K, Lombardo J  1990  Suprascapular nerve injuries with isolated paralysis of the infraspinatus.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(3):225-228

Blackburn T 1987  Throwing injuries to the shoulder.  In: Clinics in Physical Therapy – Physical therapy of the shoulder, Donatelli (ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York

Blazina M, Kerlan R, Jobe F, Carter V, Carlson G  1973  Jumper’s knee.  Orthopedic Clinics of North America 4:669-670

Boettcher C, Cathers I, Ginn K. 2010.  The role of shoulder muscles is task specific. J of Sci & Med in Sport 13(6):651-656

Bokor D  1992  Personal Communication

Bowen M, Warren R  1991  Ligamentous control of shoulder stability based on selective cutting and static translation experiments.  In:  Basic Science and Clinical Application in the Athlete’s Shoulder, Hawkins R (Ed), Clinics in Sports Medicine  10(4):757-782

Brown R, Counsilman J  1971  The role of lift in propelling swimmers.  In: Biomechanics,  Cooper J (Ed), Athletic Institute, Chicago

Bryan W, Wild J  1989 Isolated infraspinatus atrophy. American Journal of Sports Medicine 17(1):130-131

Butler D  1991  Mobilisation of the Nervous System.  Churchill Livingstone, Melb

Cailliet R  1966 Shoulder pain.  Davis, Philadelphia

Cailliet R  1981  Neck and arm pain, 2nd ed.  Davis, Philadelphia

Carpenter J, Blasier R, Pellizzon G  1998.  The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense.  Am J of Sports Medicine  26(2):262-265

Carson W  1989  Rehabilitation of the throwing shoulder.  Clinics in Sports Medicine 8(4):657-689

Chen S, Simonian P, Wickiewicz T, Otis J, Warren R  1999  Radiiographic evaluation of glenohumeral kinematics: A muscle fatigue model.  Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery  8(1):4952

Chow R.K., Harrison J.E., Brown C.F. & Hajek, V.  1986,  Physical fitness effect on bone mass in post-menopausal women.  Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67, 231-4.

Clark M,  & Harryman D. 1992. Tendons, ligaments and capsule of the rotator cuff.  J Bone Joint Surg. 74A:713-725

Codman E  1934   The shoulder.  Krieger, Malabar

Conroy B., & Earle, R.  1994  Bone, muscle and connective tissue adaptations to physical activity.   In: Baechle, T.R. (Ed), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

Corrigan G, Maitland G  1983  Practical orthopaedic medicine, Butterworths, London

Costill D, Maglischo E, Richardson A  1992  Swimming, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford

Coughlin L, Rubinovich M, Johansson J, White B, Greenspoon J  1992  Arthroscopic staple capsulorrhaphy for anterior shoulder instability.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 20(3):253-256

Cox J.S.  1981  The fate of the acromioclavicular joint in athletic injuries.  American Journal of Sports Medicine  9(1):50-53

Curwin S, Stanish D  1984  Tendinitis: its etiology and treatment.  Collamore Press, Toronto

Cyriax J  1975  Textbook of orthopaedic medicine, Vol 1 Diagnosis of soft tissue lesions, 6th ed.  Bailliere Tindall, London

Cyriax J 1974  Textbook of orthopaedic medicine, Vol 2 Treatment by manipulation, massage and injection, 8th ed.  Bailliere Tindall, London

Daff A, Dalzeil R, Southwick G  1992  Surgical treatment of axillary nerve damage associated with shoulder dislocation. In ‘Health and Sport Towards 2000’, Proceedings of National Annual Scientific Conference in Sports Medicine, Perth Australia

Dillman C, Fleisig G, Andrews J.  1993  Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics.     Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy  18(2):402-408

Duchateau J., Le Bozed, S. & Hainaut, K. 1986, Contributions of slow and fast muscles of triceps surae to a cyclic movement.  European Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 476-81.

Falkel J 1990  Swimming injuries.  In: Sports physical therapy, Sanders B (ed), Appleton & Lange, Connecticut

Falkel J, Murphy T, 1988 Shoulder injuries. In: Sports Injury Management, Malone T (Ed), 1(2). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

Ferrari D 1990  Capsular ligaments of the shoulder.  Anatomical and functional study of the anterior superior capsule.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(1):20-24

Fleisig G, Dillman C, Andrews J  1989  Proper mechanics for baseball pitching.  Clinical Sports Medicine  1:151-170

Fradet L, Kulpa R, Bideau B, Multon F and Delamarche P. 2003. Kinematic simulation of handball throwing. Proc. of 17th European Simulation Multiconference

Gagey O & Gagey N  2001  The hyperabduction test  Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 83-B(1):6974

Gainor B, Piotrowski G, Puhl J et al  1980  The throw: Biomechanics and acute injury.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 8:114-118

Gall S  1990  Shoulder injury throws Hershiser a curve.  Physican and Sportsmedicine 18(7):15-16

    Gerber C, Kushell R. 1991  Isolated rupture of the subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16   cases. JBJS 73-B(3):389-394

Gerber C, Terrier F, Ganz R  1985  The role of the coracoid process in the chronic impingement syndrome.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 67-A:703

Ginn K. & Cohen M. 2005 Exercise therapy for shoulder pain aimed at restoring neuromuscular control: A randomized comparative clinical trial. J Rehabil Med (37:115-122

Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, Moynes D, Antonelli D, Perry J  1988  Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 70-A(2):220-226

Gordon, S.L., Gonzalez-Mestre, X., & Garrett W.E., 1993,  Sports and Exercise in Midlife.  American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Rosemont.

Green M. & Christensen K.  1994.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the glenoid labrum in anterior shoulder instability.  Am J Sports Med. 22(4):493

Greis P, Kuhn J, Schultheis J, Hintermeister R, Hawkins R. 1996.  Validation of the Lift-Off test and analysis of subscapularis activity during maximal internal rotation.  Am J Sports Med. 24(5):589

Griffin J, Curtis R  1991  Rib dysfunction in competitive swimmers.  Journal of Swimming Research 7(1):29-35

Hayes K., Ginn, G, Walton J, Szomaor Z & Murrell G. 2004 A randomised clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of physiotherapy after rotator cuff repair. Aust J Physio 50:77-83

Hawkins R, Hobeika P  1983  Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder.  Clinics in Sports Medicine 2(2):391-401

Hawkins R, Kennedy J 1980  Impingement syndromes in athletes.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 8:151

Hortobagyi T. , Dempsey L., Fraser D., Zheng D., Hamilton G., Lambert J., and Dohm L. 2000 Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. J of Physiol. 524(1):293

Howell J, Binder M, Nichols T R, Loeb G  1986  Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and the neural control of skeletal muscle.  Journal of the American Ostoepathic Association 86(9):599-602

Irlenbusch U, & Gansen H. 2003 Muscle biopsy investigations on neuromuscular insufficiency of the rotator cuff: A contribution to the functional impingement of the shoulder joint. J Sh Elb Surg 12(5):422-426

Janda V  1983a  The relationship of shoulder girdle musculature to the aetiology of cervical spine syndromes.  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Manipulative Therapy, Perth

Janda V  1983b  Muscle function testing.  Butterworths, London

Jenkins W, Kegerris S  1990  Throwing injuries.  In: Sports physical therapy, Sanders B (ed), Appleton & Lange, Connecticut

Jenp T, Malanga G, Gowney E, An K. 1996. Activation of the rotator cuff in generating isometric shoulder rotation.  Am J Sports Med. 24(4):477

Jensen B.R., Lausen B. and Sjogaard G. 2000. Aspects of shoulder function in relation to exposure demands and fatigue – a mini review. Clin Biomech 215(S1): S17-S20

Jia X,  Petersen S, Khosravi A, Almareddi V, Pannirselvam V, McFarland G 2009. Examination of the shoulder: the past, the present and future. JBJS Am. 91: Suppl 6:10-8

Jobe F, Moynes D 1982  Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 10(6):336-339

Jobe F, Moynes D, Tibone J, Perry J  1983  An EMG analysis of the shoulder in throwing – a preliminary report.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 11(1):3-5

Jobe F, Moynes D, Tibone J, Perry J  1984  An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching – a second report.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 12(3):218-220

Jones, H.H., Priest, J.D., Hayes, W.C., Tichnor, C.C. & Nagel D.A., 1977.  Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 59A, 204-8.

Kapandji I  1970  The physiology of the joints, Vol 1 Upper limb, 2nd ed.  Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

Kaput M 1987  Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder.  In: Physical therapy of the shoulder, Donatelli R (ed), Clinics in Physical Therapy, Churchill Livingstone, New York

Kelley M. & Clark W.  1995.  Orthopedic Therapy of the Shoulder.  Lippincott, Philadelphia

Kelly B, Kadrmas W, Speer K.  1996.  The manual muscle examination for rotator cuff strength: an electromyographical investigation.  Am J Sports Med. 24(5):581

Kibler B, Ludewig P, McClure P, Uly, T, Sciascia A. 2009. Scapular Summit 2009.  J Ortho Sp Phys Ther 39(11):A1-A13

Kirby R, Roberts J  1985  Introductory Biomechanics.  Mouvement Publications Inc, New York

Knott M, Voss D  1968  Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, 2nd ed.  Harper & Row, New York

Komi P 1988  The musculoskeletal system.  In: The Olympic book of sports medicine, Dirix A, Knuttgen H & Tittel (eds), Blackwell, Oxford

Komi, P.V. (Ed), 1992,  Strength and Power in Sport.  Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Kraemer, W.  1992.  Endocrine responses and adaptations to strength training.   In: Komi, P.V. (Ed),  Strength and Power in Sport.  Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

Kraemer, W. 1993.  The physiologic basis for strength training in midlife.  In: Sports and Exercise in Midlife.  American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Rosemont

Larsen E, Bjerg-Neilsen A, Christensen P  1986  Conservative or surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery  68-A(4):552-555

Leach R 1985  Tennis serving compared with baseball pitching.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Lephart S, Warner J, Borsa P, Fu F. 1994.  Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable and surgically repaired shoulders.  J Shoulder Elbow Surg 3(6):371-380

Lindman R., Eriksson A. and Thornell L-E. 2005. Fibre type composition of the human male trapeziums muscle: Enzyme-histochemical characteristics. Am J Anat 189(3):236-244

Lintner S, Levy A, Kenter K, Speer K.  1996.  Glenohumeral translation in the asymptomatic athlete’s shoulder and its relationship to other clinically measurable anthropometric variables.  Am J Sports Med.  24(6):716

Lo I, Nonweiler b, woolfrey M, Litchfield R, Kirkley A. 2004.  An evaluation of the Apprehension, Relocation and Surprise tests for anterior shoulder instability.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 32(2):301-307

Liu H, Henry M, Stephen N,  1996  A prospective evaluation of a new physical examination in predicting glenoid labral tears.   American Journal of Sports Medicine 24(6):721-725

Lui S, Henry M, Nuccion S, Shapiro M, Dorey F.  1996.  Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears: a comparison between magnetic resonance emaging and clinical examination.  Am J Sp Med 24(2):149

Lui S, Henry M, Nuccion S.  1996.  A prospective evaluation of a new physical examination in predicting glenoid labral tears.  Am J Sp Med 24(4):721

MacDonald P, Alexander M, Frejuk J, Johnson G  1988  Comprehensive functional analysis of shoulders following complete acromio-clavicular separation.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 16(5):475-480

MacDougall J.D. Elder G.C., Sale D.G., Moroz J.R. and Sutton J.R 2004 Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres. Eur J App Physio (43(1):25-34

Maffett M, Gartsman G, Moseley B.  1995.  Superior Labrum-biceps tendon complex lesions of the shoulder.  Am J Sports Med. 23(1):93

Maitland G  1977  Periperal manipulation, 2nd ed.  Butterworths,

Matsen F, Harryman D, Sidles J  1991  Mechanics of glenohumeral instability.  In: Basic Science and Clinical Application in the Athlete’s Shoulder, Hawkins R (Ed), Clinics in Sports Medicine, 10(4):783-788

McCarrick M.J. & Kemp J.G. 2000, The effect of strength training and reduced training on rotator cuff musculature. Clinical Biomechanics 15(1):S42-45

McConnell J  1990  A new approach to the problem shoulder.  In: The Shoulder In Focus (Proceedings), Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, Melbourne

McConnell J 1992  Personal Communication

McCue R, Gieck J, West J  1985  Throwing injuries to the shoulder.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

McFarland E, Campbell G, McDowell J.  1996.  Posterior shoulder laxity in asymptomatic athletes.  Am J Sports Med. 24(4):468

McLaughlin T 1985  Strength/power training for baseball pitchers.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Miniaci A, Dowdy P, Willits K, Vellet A.  1995.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging evaluation of the rotator cuff tendons in the asymptomatic shoulder.  Am J Sports Med. 23(2):142

Montoyne H.J., Smith, E.L., Fardon, D.F. & Howley, E.T.  1980.   Bone mineral in senior tennis players.   Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science, 2, 26-32.

Moran C, Saunders S  1987  Examination of the shoulder: a sequential approach.  In: Clinics in Physical Therapy – Physical Therapy of the Shoulder, Donatelli (ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York

Moynes D, Perry J, Antonelli D, Jobe F  1986  Electromyography and motion analysis of the upper extremity in sports.  Physical Therapy 66(12):1905-1911

Moynes-Schwab D  1990  Personal communication

Neer C, Foster C  1980  Inferior capsular shift for involuntary inferior multidirectional instability of the shoulder.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 62A(6):897-908

Newnham R  1990  Frozen shoulder – adhesive capsulitis: periarthritis.  In: The Shoulder In Focus (Proceedings).  Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, Melbourne, p20

Nitz A  1986  Physical therapy management of the shoulder.  Physical Therapy 66(12):1912-1919

Norwood L  1985  Posterior shoulder instability.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Nuber G, Jobe F, Perry J, Moynes D, Antonelli D  1986  Fine wire electromyography of the shoulder during swimming.  American Journal of Sports Medicine  14(1):7-11

O’Brien S, Pagnani M, Fealy S, McGlynn S & Wilson J  1998.  The active compression test: A new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality.  Am J Sports Medicine 26(5):610-613

O’Connell P, Nuber G, Mileski R, Lautenshchlager E  1990  The contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments to anterior stability of the shoulder joint.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(6):579-584

Owens-Burkhart H  1987  Management of frozen shoulder.  In: Physical Therapy of the Shoulder, Donatelli R (Ed).  Churchill Livingstone, New York

Pacelli L 1990  Shoulder instability – a new surgical approach.  The Physician and Sports Medicine 16(10):103-106

Pagnani M, Deng X, Warren R, Torzilli P.  1993.  Effect of the long head of the biceps brachii on glenohumeral translation.  Presented at The Hospital for Special Surgery Fellows Research Symposium, New York, NY, August 1993

Pappas A, Goss T, Kleinman P  1983  Symptomatic shoulder instability due to lesions of the glenoid labrum.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 11(5):279-288

Pappas A, Zawacki R, McCarthy C  1985  Rehabilitation of the pitching shoulder.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 13(4):223-235

Pappas A, Zawacki R, Sullivan T  1985  Biomechanics of baseball pitching: a preliminary report.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 13(4):216-222

Pappas A, Zawacki R, Sullivan T  1985b Biomechanics of baseball pitching: a preliminary report.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 13(4):216-222

Pascoal A.G., Van Der Helm F.C.T., Correia P.P, and Carita I. 2000. Effects of different arm external loads on the scapulo-humeral rhythm. Clin Biomech 15(S1):S21-S24

Paulos L, Franklin J  1990  Arthroscopic shoulder decompression development and application.  A five year experience.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(3):235-244

Peat M 1986  Functional anatomy of the shoulder complex.  Physical Therapy 66(12):1855-1865

Penny J, Welsh R 1981  Shoulder impingement syndromes in athletes and their surgical management.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 9(1):11-15

Perry J 1978  Normal upper extremity kinesiology.  Physical Therapy 58(3):265-

Perry J 1983  Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder in throwing, swimming, gymnastics and tennis.  Clinics in Sports Medicine 2(2):247

Pettrone F 1985  Shoulder problems in swimmers.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (ed), Saunders, Philadelphia

Pratt N  1986  Neurovascular entrapment in the regions of the shoulder and posterior triangle of the neck.  Physical Therapy 66(12):1894-1900

Rathbun J, McNab I  1970  The microvasculature pattern of the rotator cuff.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 52-B:540

Redler M, Ruland L, McCue R  1986  Quadrilateral space syndrome in a throwing athlete.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 14(6):511-513

Reid D, Saboe L, Burnham R, 1987  Current research of selected shoulder problems.  In: Physical therapy of the shoulder, Donatelli R (ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York

Rockwood C & Matsen F, 1998.  The Shoulder Vol 1 (2nd Ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia

Rodeo S,  Suzuki K, Yamauchi M, Bhargava M & Warren R  1998.  Analysis of collagen and elastic fibres in shoulder capsule in patients with shoulder instability.  Am J Sports Med  26(5)634-643

Rowe C  1985  Anterior subluxation of the throwing shoulder.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Rushall, B.  Pyke, F.  1990  Training for Sports and Fitness.  Macmillan, Melbourne.

Ryu R, McCormick J, Jobe F, Moynes D, Antonelli D  1988  An electromyographic analysis of shoulder function in tennis players.  American Journal of Sports Medicine  16(5):481-485

Sale D., 1992  Neural adaptation to strength training.  In: Komi P (Ed), Strength and Power in Sport.  Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.

Scarpinato D, Bramhall J, Andrews J  1991  Athroscopic management of the throwing athlete’s shoulder: indications, techniques and results.  In: Basic Science and Clinical Application in the Athlete’s Shoulder, Hawkins R (Ed), Clinics in Sports Medicine, 10(4):913-927

Sharkey N & Marder R, 1995  The rotator cuff opposes superior translation of the humeral head.  American J of Sports Medicine 23(3):270-275

Sharkey N,  Marder R, Hanson P. 1994.  The entire rotator cuff contributes to elevation of the arm.(Abstract)  J Orthop Res 12:699-708

Simon E, Hill J  1989  Rotator cuff injuries:  an update.  Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 10(4):394-398

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Soslowsky L, Flatow E, Biliani L & Mow V. 1992.  Articular geometry of the glenohumeral joint.  Clin Orthop 285:181-190

Speer K, Deng X, Borerro S.  1994  Biomechanical evaluation of a simulated Bankart lesion   Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 76-A:1189-26

Speer K, Hannafin J, Altchek D, Warren R.  1994.  An evaluation of the shoulder relocation test.  Am J Sports Med. 22(2):177

Srinivasan R.C., Lungren M.P, Langenderfer L.E., and Hughes R.E. 2007 Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder. Clin Anat.  20:144-149

Stanton P, Purdam C  1989  Hamstring injuries in sprinting – the role of eccentric exercise.  Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 10(9):343-348

Stetson WB, Templin K 2002, The Crank test, the O’Brien test, and routine magnetic resonance imaging scans in the diagmosis of labral tears.  American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(6):806

Stewart M 1985  The acromioclavicular joint in the throwing arm.  In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Stillman J, Hawkins R  1991  Current concepts and recent advances in the athlete’s shoulder.  In: Basic Science and Clinical Application in the Athlete’s Shoulder, Hawkins R (Ed), Clinics in Sports Medicine 10(4):693-705

Thomas S, Matsen F  1989  An approach to the repair of avulsion of the glenohumeral ligaments in the management of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 71-A(4):506-513

Thompson W, Debski R, Boardman D, Taskiran E, Warner J, Fu F, Woo, S.  1996.  A biomechanical analysis of rotator cuff deficiency in a cadaveric model.  Am J Sp Med. 24(3):286

Thurston W  1985a  Personal Communication

Thurston W  1985b  Baseball Pitching – The mechanics of correct technique.   Dept of Human Movement and Recreation Studies, University of Western Australia, Perth

Tibone J, Sellers R, Tonino  1992   Strength testing after third degree acromio-clavicular dislocations.  American Journal of Sports Medicine  20(3):328-331

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Townsend H, Jobe F, Pink M, Perry J  1991  Electro-myographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program.  American Journal of Sports Medicine 19(3):264-272

Tullos H, King J 1973  Throwing mechanism in sports.  Orthopedic Clinics of North America 4:709-720.

Turkel S, Panio M, Marshall J, Girgis F  1981  Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 63-A(8):1208-1217

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Vasey A, Watson L, Dalziel R, Wrigley T  1992  Correlation of Cybex findings to shoulder instability to determine likely outcome of conservative program.  In ‘Health and Sport Towards 2000’, Proceedings of National Annual Scientific Conference in Sports Medicine, Perth Australia

Vereshagin K, Wiens J, Fanton G, Dillingham M  1991  Burners: Don’t overlook or underestimate them.  Physician and Sports Medicine 19(9):97-104

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Warner J, Bowen M, Geng X, Torzilli P, Warren R  1999   Effect of joint compression on inferior stability of the glenohumeral joint.  Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 8(1):3136

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Watson M  1989  Rotator cuff impingement syndrome.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 71-B(3):361-366

Watson R.C. 1974.  Bone growth and physical activity in young males.  International Conference on Bone Mineral Measurements, US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Publication NIH 75-683, pp 380-5.

Weiner D, McNab I  1970  Superior migration of the humeral head.  Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 52-B:524

Wells R 1985  Suprascapular nerve entrapment. In: Injuries to the throwing arm, Zarins et al (eds), Saunders, Philadelphia

Wickiewicz T, Chen S, Otis J, Warren R.  1994.  Glenohumeral kinematics in a muscle fatigue model: A radiographic study.  Presented at the 1994 Specialty Day Meeting, American Orthopedic Society for Sports Mediicine, New Orleans, LA.

Wilk K  1993  Principles of rotator cuff rehabilitation: laxity versus rotator cuff disease.  Course Notes: 11th Annual Injuries in Baseball Course, American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, p191

Wilk K, Andrews J, Arrigo C.  1997  The physical examination of the glenohumeral joint: emphasis on stabilzing structures.  J Ortho & Sports Phys Therapy. 25(6)380-389

Wilk K, Arrigo C, Andrews J.  1997.  Current Concepts:  The stabilizing structures of the glenohumeral joint.  J Ortho & Sports Phys Therapy, 25(6):364-379

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Yocum  L  1983  Assessing the shoulder.  Clinics in Sports Medicine 2(2):281-289