The following is a list of references and articles used and referred to in my Shoulder Workshops. Participants may wish to follow up on these or instead get a life. Be sure to scroll to the final section with several interesting articles on conservative Vs surgical management of cuff tears.
Allingham C 1988 Impingement syndrome of the shoulder – assessment and management. In: Current Concepts in the Management of Shoulder Region Dysfunction. Manipulative Therapists Association of Australia, Sydney, p99-107
Allingham C 1990 Exercise prescription in shoulder rehabilitation. In: The Shoulder in Focus (Proceedings), Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, Melbourne, p21
Allingham C 1995 Regional Considerations – The Shoulder, In: Zuluaga M. et al (Eds), Sports Physiotherapy – applied science and practice, Churchill-Livingstone, Melbourne
Allingham, C. 1995, Principles of management. In: Sports Physiotherapy – Applied Science and Practice, Zuluaga, M, et al (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Melbourne.
Barth JRH, Burkhart SS, De Beer JF. The bear-hug test: A new and sensitive test for diagnosing a subscapularis tear. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:1076-1084.
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Boettcher C, Cathie I, Ginn K. 2010 The role of shoulder muscles is task specific. J Sci & Med Sport 13(6):651-656
Bowen M, Warren R 1991 Ligamentous control of shoulder stability based on selective cutting and static translation experiments. In: Basic Science and Clinical Application in the Athlete’s Shoulder, Hawkins R (Ed), Clinics in Sports Medicine 10(4):757-782
Carpenter J, Blasier R, Pellizzon G 1998. The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense. Am J of Sports Medicine 26(2):262-265
Chen S, Simonian P, Wickiewicz T, Otis J, Warren R 1999 Radiiographic evaluation of glenohumeral kinematics: A muscle fatigue model. Journal of Shoulder & Elbow Surgery 8(1):4952
Clark M, & Harryman D. 1992. Tendons, ligaments and capsule of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg. 74A:713-725
Codman E 1934 The shoulder. Krieger, Malabar
Curwin S, Stanish D 1984 Tendinitis: its etiology and treatment. Collamore Press, Toronto
Duchateau J., Le Bozed, S. & Hainaut, K. 1986, Contributions of slow and fast muscles of triceps surae to a cyclic movement. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 476-81.
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Gagey O & Gagey N 2001 The hyperabduction test Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 83-B(1):6974
Gerber C, Kushell R. 1991 Isolated rupture of the subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases. JBJS 73-B(3):389-394
Gerber C, Terrier F, Ganz R 1985 The role of the coracoid process in the chronic impingement syndrome. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 67-A:703
Ginn K. & Cohen M. 2005 Exercise therapy for shoulder pain aimed at restoring neuromuscular control: A randomized comparative clinical trial. J Rehabil Med (37:115-122
Greis P, Kuhn J, Schultheis J, Hintermeister R, Hawkins R. 1996. Validation of the Lift-Off test and analysis of subscapularis activity during maximal internal rotation. Am J Sports Med. 24(5):589
Hayes K., Ginn, G, Walton J, Szomaor Z & Murrell G. 2004 A randomised clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of physiotherapy after rotator cuff repair. Aust J Physio 50:77-83
Hawkins R, Hobeika P 1983 Impingement syndrome in the athletic shoulder. Clinics in Sports Medicine 2(2):391-401
Hawkins R, Kennedy J 1980 Impingement syndromes in athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 8:151
Irlenbusch U, & Gansen H. 2003 Muscle biopsy investigations on neuromuscular insufficiency of the rotator cuff: A contribution to the functional impingement of the shoulder joint. J Sh Elb Surg 12(5):422-426
Jenp T, Malanga G, Gowney E, An K. 1996. Activation of the rotator cuff in generating isometric shoulder rotation. Am J Sports Med. 24(4):477
Jensen B.R., Lausen B. and Sjogaard G. 2000. Aspects of shoulder function in relation to exposure demands and fatigue – a mini review. Clin Biomech 215(S1): S17-S20
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Jobe F, Moynes D 1982 Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 10(6):336-339
Kelly B, Kadrmas W, Speer K. 1996. The manual muscle examination for rotator cuff strength: an electromyographical investigation. Am J Sports Med. 24(5):581
Kibler B, Ludewig P, McClure P, Uly, T, Sciascia A. 2009. Scapular Summit 2009. J Ortho Sp Phys Ther 39(11):A1-A13
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Lindman R., Eriksson A. and Thornell L-E. 2005. Fibre type composition of the human male trapeziums muscle: Enzyme-histochemical characteristics. Am J Anat 189(3):236-244
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Lui S, Henry M, Nuccion S, Shapiro M, Dorey F. 1996. Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears: a comparison between magnetic resonance emaging and clinical examination. Am J Sp Med 24(2):149
MacDougall J.D. Elder G.C., Sale D.G., Moroz J.R. and Sutton J.R 2004 Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres. Eur J App Physio (43(1):25-34
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Matsuki K, Matsuki K.O, Yamaguchi S, Ochiai N, Sasho T, Sugaya H, Toyone T, Wada Y, Takahashi K, Banks S. 2012. Dynamic In Vivo Glenohumeral Kinematics During Scapular Plane Abduction in Healthy Shoulders. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(2):96-104
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McFarland E, Campbell G, McDowell J. 1996. Posterior shoulder laxity in asymptomatic athletes. Am J Sports Med. 24(4):468
Newnham R 1990 Frozen shoulder – adhesive capsulitis: periarthritis. In: The Shoulder In Focus (Proceedings). Manipulative Physiotherapists Association of Australia, Melbourne, p20
O’Brien S, Pagnani M, Fealy S, McGlynn S & Wilson J 1998. The active compression test: A new and effective test for diagnosing labral tears and acromioclavicular joint abnormality. Am J Sports Medicine 26(5):610-613
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Sharkey N, Marder R, Hanson P. 1994. The entire rotator cuff contributes to elevation of the arm.(Abstract) J Orthop Res 12:699-708
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Srinivasan R.C., Lungren M.P, Langenderfer L.E., and Hughes R.E. 2007 Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder. Clin Anat. 20:144-149
Stetson WB, Templin K 2002, The Crank test, the O’Brien test, and routine magnetic resonance imaging scans in the diagmosis of labral tears. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(6):806
Thompson W, Debski R, Boardman D, Taskiran E, Warner J, Fu F, Woo, S. 1996. A biomechanical analysis of rotator cuff deficiency in a cadaveric model. Am J Sp Med. 24(3):286
Tipton C.M., Vailas, A.C. & Mathes, R.D. 1986 Experimental studies on the influences of physical activity on ligaments, tendons and joints: a brief review. Acta Medica Scandinavia, (Supp 711), 157-68.
Tokish J, Decker, M, Ellis H, Torrry M, Hawkins R. 2003 The belly-press test for the physical examination of the subscapularis muscle: Electromyographic validation and comparison to the lift-off test J Sh & El Surg 12(5):427-430
Townsend H, Jobe F, Pink M, Perry J 1991 Electro-myographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program. American Journal of Sports Medicine 19(3):264-272
Turkel S, Panio M, Marshall J, Girgis F 1981 Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 63-A(8):1208-1217
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Warner J, Bowen M, Geng X, Torzilli P, Warren R 1999 Effect of joint compression on inferior stability of the glenohumeral joint. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 8(1):3136
Weiner D, McNab I 1970 Superior migration of the humeral head. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 52-B:524
Xiaofeng, Jia. Petersen S, Khosravi A, Almareddi V, Pannirselvam V, McFarland G 2009. Examination of the shoulder: the past, the present and future. JBJS Am. 91: Suppl 6:10-8
Recent material relating to cuff injury and recovery:
The longer in the sling after surgery the better the healing with no additional risk of stiffness (Parsons et al, J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2010) 19, 1034-1039)
13 year follow up of cuff tears managed conservatively found about 90% of patients had no or only slight pain, and 70% had no disturbance in daily life. Younger patients had more pain and disorder. (Kijimi et al, J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2012) 21, 491-494)
Massive cuff tears with signs of fatty infiltration of muscles, upward subluxation of humeral head, significant tendon retraction and (often) osteoarthritis don’t do well with surgery. (Gerber et al, J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2011) 20, S20-S29)
The leading symptom for progressing to surgery after a period of conservative management is pain. (Djahangiri et al, J Shoulder Elbow Surg (2013) 22, 45-51)
Results vary widely, with between 58% and 72% of patients expressing satisfaction for a fair to excellent result with conservative management. Patients with an insurance claim were less likely to be satisfied (Clement et al. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology 2012, 4:48)